Melodic Phrase Segmentation By Deep Neural Networks

Automated melodic phrase detection and segmentation is a classical task in content-based music information retrieval and also the key towards automated music structure analysis. However, traditional methods still cannot satisfy practical requirements. In this paper, we explore and adapt various neural network architectures to see if they can be generalized to work with the symbolic representation of music and produce satisfactory melodic phrase segmentation. The main issue of applying deep-learning methods to phrase detection is the sparse labeling problem of training sets. We proposed two tailored label engineering with corresponding training techniques for different neural networks in order to make decisions at a sequential level. Experiment results show that the CNN-CRF architecture performs the best, being able to offer finer segmentation and faster to train, while CNN, Bi-LSTM-CNN and Bi-LSTM-CRF are acceptable alternatives

High blood galectin-3 level associated with risk of frailty in aging

BackgroundFrailty is one of the most problematic expressions of population aging, but its underlying mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Circulating galectin-3 (Gal-3) is involved in the pathogenesis of many age-related diseases. This study aims to explore the influence of circulating Gal-3 on the regulation of frailty and aging and to identify the potential mechanism further.MethodsIn this cross-sectional analysis, the Fried frailty phenotype (FP) was assessed among 149 community elderly residents in Shanghai. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated by the Ficoll-Paque density gradient method, and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) encoding transcription factors in frailty were detected by Illumina and bioinformatics analyzed with R software. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analyses and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were performed to explore the functional roles of these DEGs and the target genes related to frailty phenotypes. The serum Gal-3 concentration was tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Mouse frailty phenotype was used to construct an in vivo model of frailty, after which the serum levels of circulating Gal-3 and its gene expression levels in mouse tissues were determined.ResultsParticipants’ mean age was 72.04 ± 7.05 years. In total, 21.48% were frail and 36.91% were pre-frail. The mean serum Gal-3 concentration was 46.34 ± 17.99 ng/mL in frail participants, 32.30 ± 8.14 ng/mL in pre-frail participants, and 26.00 ± 5.87 ng/mL in non-frail individuals (p < 0.001). Significant positive correlations between serum Gal-3 level and FP score, SARC-F score, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6, etc., were observed. In addition, the KEGG pathway and GO enrichment analyses showed that 265 DEGs in PBMCs of frail participants were mainly related to inflammatory response, translation, RNA binding, protein binding, ribosome, and primary immunodeficiency. LGALS3 was identified as the overlapping gene between frailty-related DEGs and aging-related DEGs. The elevated serum Gal-3 concentration in the in vivo model of frailty was consistent with the results in participants.ConclusionIn both community-dwelling older adults and aged mice, serum Gal-3 concentration was positively correlated with frailty. This circulating mediator may be a promising indicator of frailty.Clinical trial registrationChinese Clinical Trial Registry identifier, ChiCTR2000036399

The Strict and Sloppy Identity Puzzle ―- Differences between Mandarin, Japanese and English

International audienceno abstrac

Hierarchy of Adjuncts in V-Stranding VP-Ellipsis of Mandarin Chinese

International audienc

Negation in VP-Ellipsis in Mandarin Chinese

International audienceno abstrac

Negation as diagnostic in VP-Ellipsis in Mandarin

International audienceno abstrac

VP-ellipsis in mandarin Chinese : the architecture of grammar

Cette thèse est consacrée à une étude de l’ellipse du groupe verbal en chinois mandarin dans le cadre du programme minimaliste. Elle porte particulièrement sur les propriétés syntaxiques et sémantiques qui ne sont pas assez étudiées dans les études précédentes de l’ellipse du groupe verbal à verbe pendant et de l’ellipse avec shi ‘être’. Ce travail ne vise pas à donner une analyse unifiée de toutes les constructions coordonnées contenant une position d’objet vide, mais propose que l’ellipse du groupe verbal et la construction à objet nul en chinois sont soumises aux différentes conditions de légitimation et d’interprétation. L’ellipse du groupe verbal n’est pas sensible aux îlots et donne toujours lieu à l’interprétation ambigüe, à savoir l’interprétation stricte et l’interprétation floue. En revanche, la construction à objet nul est sensible aux îlots et l’interprétation de l’objet nul est toujours liée au contexte discursif. Suivant l’analyse de l’ellipse dans d’autres langues dans le cadre du programme minimaliste, cette thèse propose que l’ellipse du groupe verbal à verbe pendant en chinois est le résultat de la dérivation par phases. L’ellipse du groupe verbal est légitimée par la tête de phase v dont le trait d’aspect est valué par le déplacement de verbe lexical de V à v. Cette analyse permet de mieux expliquer la distribution asymétrique de l’ellipse du groupe verbal à verbe pendant dans les propositions simples et complexes en chinois. Cette thèse examine également l’ellipse avec shi ‘être’ et montre qu’il y a trois types d’ellipse avec shi selon la structure de la proposition antécédente, à savoir l’ellipse avec shi verbal, l’ellipse avec shi de focalisation et l’ellipse avec ye shi. Contrairement à ce qui est généralement proposé dans la littérature, aucun de ces trois types d’ellipse avec shi n’est l’équivalent de l’ellipse avec do en anglaisThis dissertation is devoted to the study of VP-ellipsis in Mandarin Chinese in the framework of the Minimalist Program. It focuses on the syntactic and semantic properties that are not sufficiently studied in previous studies of Verb-stranding VP-ellipsis and shi-ellipsis. This work does not intend to provide a unified analysis of all coordinated constructions containing an empty object position. Instead, it proposes that VP-ellipsis and null object constructions in Chinese are subject to different licensing and interpretation conditions. VP- ellipsis is not sensitive to islands and can always give rise to ambiguous interpretation, namely strict identity and sloppy identity. On the other hand, null object constructions are sensitive to islands and the interpretation of the null object is always bound by the discourse context. In line with the analysis of VP-ellipsis in other languages in the Minimalist framework, this dissertation proposes that V-stranding VP-ellipsis in Chinese is the result of derivation by phases. The ellipsis of the verb phrase is licensed by the phase head v whose aspectual feature is valued by the V-to-v movement of the lexical verb. This analysis provides a better explanation of the asymmetrical distribution of VP ellipsis in simple and complex constructions in Chinese. This dissertation also examines shi-ellipsis and shows that there are three types of shi- ellipsis depending on the structure of the antecedent clause, namely the verbal shi-ellipsis, focus shi-ellipsis and ye shi-ellipsis. Contrary to what is generally proposed in the literature, none of these three types of shi-ellipsis can be treated as equivalent of do-ellipsis in Englis